Going For Broke: The Rise And Fall Of Sam Bankman-Fried

This short article is included in Bitcoin Magazine’s “The Broke Issue”. Click here to subscribe now.

The story of Bitcoin has definitely had its reasonable share of dubious characters, criminal activity, bad hairstyles and even worse closets, and yet our anti-hero du jour has actually appeared to outshine them all. Sam Bankman-Fried, much better understood by the 3 letter acronym SBF, burst onto the scene at the peak of the 2017 bubble, starting Alameda Research that September, simply 4 years after finishing from an internship into a full-time position at one of the world’s biggest market makers, Jane Street Capital.

SBF is the kid of Stanford Law teacher and creator of left-wing very PAC Mind The Gap, Barbara Fried, and Stanford teacher Joseph Bankman, a specialist on tax shelter laws and federal government policy. At the start of 2018, SBF had actually struck digital gold while making the most of the arbitrage chance emerging in between a greater need for bitcoin in the Asian market, informally called the “kimchi premium”. By completion of the year, and after generating a significant fortune from this high-volume bitcoin/dollar spread, he formally transferred to Hong Kong, officially establishing the derivatives exchange FTX in the following spring.

The Bitcoin network that SBF rode from rags to riches and back once again was partly released in direct reaction to the fiat cash experiment raising its unsightly head in the subprime home mortgage, realty and eurodollar crises that culminated into what is now called the Great Financial Crisis of 2007 to 2009.

“The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks”

– Satoshi Nakamoto, January 3, 2009

This now notorious engraving in the genesis block explained the unsuitable fractional reserve banking and predatory loan mess of our regulated banking market was to be laid to rest at last by this emergent financial procedure; a totally transparent and decentralized journal would de-incentivize scams and avoid obfuscation of illegal activity. A brand-new rival to the dollar emerged from the ashes of the disaster, and with it, a brand-new requirement for monetary fairness, total with foreseeable issuance, managed at last by the individuals for individuals. Yet in any system made with great intents, crooks like SBF and his bought-and-paid-for political and media allies handle to discover a method to injure innocent individuals for the benefit of an unidentified couple of. Like most appealing stories of deceptive monetary criminal offenses, this one begins in the Bahamas, and ends with a tidal bore of possession liquidations and damaged houses.

“If you think the Bahamas has ruined your global tax system, you have a pretty terrible global tax system.”

– Steven Dean, Summer 2020 [1]

Launching The Stablecoin, CBDC Race To The Bottom

The Bahamas appears harmless enough, and yet there is a long history of U.S. tax avoidance, total with rum-running bootleggers throughout the restriction age. Continuing this custom, the Caribbean banking centers, consisting of the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands, since August 2022, were the fourth-largest foreign holders of treasury securities, behind just Japan, China and the U.K. Shortly after the time of its starting, FTX was totally making the most of the complimentary cash age that started with the 2008 crash and was sustained by low-to-zero rates of interest brought upon by the Trump administration.

These rate cuts were begun by the Trump-chosen and Biden-renominated Jerome Powell and were more worsened by both of their administrations’ COVID reactions. An unmatched pumping of all things dollar denominated took place, with realty, stock indexes, bitcoin and an entire lot of unregistered securities called altcoins reaching brand-new highs throughout the board. In June 2019, one month after the starting of FTX, Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg revealed Libra, a digital currency based upon a basket of worldwide currencies; an unique take on stablecoins. This released the stablecoin and CBDC race in earnest, and coincidentally enough, the Central Bank of the Bahamas ended up being the very first such organization to reveal its own CBDC, the sand dollar, in October 2020. The sand dollar itself was pegged to the Bahamian dollar, which is itself pegged to the United States dollar, and hence with its government-sanctioned launch, the birth of the very first main bank-issued stablecoin dollar happened on the sandy beaches of SBF’s brand-new house.

“What is the reserve currency of the crypto economy going to be? Right now it’s unambiguously the USD. And interestingly it’s USD whether or not you’re looking at the American crypto economy.”

– Sam Bankman-Fried, November 5, 2021

While the U.S. federal government feigned worry of systemic danger at the time, the Chinese federal government comprehended the Libra job to be a backdoor dollarization of the G7 currencies reported to be consisted of in its basket. A Metaverse-held handle the 1985 Plaza Accord, this strategy of collaborated main banking would spread out USD network users throughout the web’s most significant network, accelerated by the high speed readily available in central digital payments and globalized by the borderless nature of the Facebook user base.

The digital yuan was trialed in April 2021 with fantastic rush in response to this advancement, and by the Winter Olympics 2022, had actually released for foreign participants in Beijing. Not to be surpassed by these new-look, same-shit fiat cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin made its own monetary history when President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador required to the phase at Bitcoin 2021 to reveal the legal tender goals of his little however dollarized country. On March 9, 2022 President Joe Biden signed Executive Order #14067–”Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets”, that included goals for mitigation of monetary dangers in digital possession markets, in addition to a provision mentioning that within 210 days, the attorney general of the United States, in assessment with the secretary of the treasury and the chairman of the Federal Reserve, should supply an official proposition for a government-issued CBDC.

By this point, the Bitcoin monetary system had actually been entirely and correctly dollar-ified, with billions of dollars in liquidity of dollar-denominated trading sets comprising the lion’s share of market activity. The exact same can be stated for the Ethereum network, which has actually seen its compliance-driven perversion by non-native possessions taking the wheel from its token Ether, as stablecoin and other dollar derivatives now support most of financial weight of the system. Both stablecoin giants Circle, provider of USDC, and Tether came out in assistance of the combine, more ossifying their stake in the now-nearly-70%-OFAC-compliant blockchain. [2] As of this short article’s writing, over 15.5 million ether are presently staked without active withdrawals in the Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain, worth almost $18 billion dollars.[3] Fortunately for Bitcoin, the agreement weight of its system is not controlled by user stake, and hence the Bitcoin market has actually been apparently untouched – adversely anyhow – by this decade-long advancement. At least till fraudster Do Kwon and his ponzi-scheme Luna damaged financiers at the start of May of 2022.

“[Crypto is] obviously serious…you want to do right by it in the regulatory space.”

– President Bill Clinton, April 27, 2022 (Allegedly) [4]

Contagion Spreads

Only a couple of weeks after SBF hosted a keynote with previous U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair and President Bill Clinton at the FTX-organized Crypto Bahamas conference, among the largest-ever non-prescription bitcoin purchases was revealed by the LUNA group.

Terraform Labs and the non-profit Luna Foundation Guard, 2 entities headed by Do Kwon, had actually started a project to purchase bitcoin as a reserve possession in case their algorithmic stablecoin, UST, differed its $1 peg. Shortly prior to their collapse, the strategy had actually swollen to the lofty objective of stacking over $10 billion in the hardest recognized digital product understood to guy. This purchase was funded with Three Arrows Capital, or 3AC, and was assisted in by cryptocurrency broker Genesis.

“Terra’s impressive development has actually constantly improved crypto markets over the last 2 years”, stated Joshua Lim, head of derivatives at Genesis. “Genesis is excited to be a liquidity partner to the Terra ecosystem, connecting it to a broader audience of institutional market participants.”

With the bitcoin reserves of Luna Foundation Guard totalling 80,394 BTC, valued at over $3.1 billion on May 5, 2022, this purchase placed LFG among the top-10 bitcoin holders in the world. [5] But only for a moment, for while it might feel like a lifetime ago, what happened next should look awfully familiar; the peg was attacked, the recently-purchased bitcoin fortune was liquidated, Binance, led by CEO Changpeng Zhao (CZ), aptly halted all trading on LUNA and UST pairs – with notable exceptions to their own stablecoin BUSD – and Kwon seemingly fled to outside of U.S. jurisdiction to Asia. [6]

Thus begins our first of many repeatable points of inquiry; where exactly did this bitcoin go? According to an audit released in November 2022, over 33,000 bitcoin were transferred to Binance on May 10, 2022, and sold along with other assets while failing to defend the peg. [7] The same day the nearly $1 billion dollars worth of bitcoin hit Binance’s order books, bitcoin’s USD price broke below $30,000, falling from $40,000 just a week before.

On May 13, SBF purchased a 7.6% stake in Robinhood, the trading platform that came under scrutiny for halting trading during the GameStop fiasco in early 2021. Bloomberg had reported that around 40% of Robinhood’s revenue came directly from selling customers orders to firms such as Two Sigma Securities, and Citadel Securities. [8] Citadel had been fined $700,000 in July 2020 for front running trades placed by customers orders, and in September of that same year, Robinhood itself was questioned by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for improperly informing clients of selling stock trades to known high-frequency trading firms.

Previously in December 2020, Robinhood had agreed to pay $65 million to settle charges of repeated misstatements for failure to disclose their receipts of payments from said trading firms. [9] When newly-nominated Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen briefed newly-elected President Joe Biden on this conflict of interest in February 2021, she herself had to acquire an ethics waiver due to having received at least $700,000 in speaker fees from Citadel LLC the year prior. [10] SBF had disclosed this purchase via a filed Schedule 13-D form with the SEC, costing $648.3 billion dollars and giving him 2.8% voting power in their dual-class share structure, under the entity Emergent Fidelity Technologies; a name said to be randomly generated. [11]

“On July 13, Coinbase Exchange will be unifying USD and USDC order books. As part of the unification process, USDC order books will be merged under USD order books to create a better, more seamless trading experience with deeper liquidity for USD and USDC.”

– Coinbase Exchange Twitter, June 29, 2022 [12]

Circle, the entity behind the significantly made use of USDC stablecoin, had actually formerly broadened their worldwide offerings with a subsidiary operation based in Bermuda with a statement made on July 22, 2019. [13] This entity, submitted under the Digital Assets Business Act of 2018 (“DABA”) implied that Circle was the very first significant stablecoin provider to get a Class F (“Full”) DABA license that covered their operation of custody, payment services, exchange, trading and more monetary services within the digital possession world. Circle’s other banking partners, Signet, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital had actually made USD loans to Celsius, Voyager, Block Fi, Three Arrows Capital and Alameda Research. By the time this short article was composed, all had actually applied for insolvency. Two of their other organization affiliates, Galaxy Digital and Genesis, have also reported enormous losses in the FTX collapse, with reports of more contagion impacts coming. Coinbase, a publicly-traded exchange under the ticker $COIN, revealed in its Q2 2022 investor letter that almost one 3rd of overall earnings was originated from interest on USD-denominated holdings, consisting of a big USDC position:

“Interest income was $33 million, up 211% compared to Q1. The increase was primarily driven by our USDC activity, as well as higher interest rates as we generate interest on fiat customer custodial funds… at the end of Q2, we had $6.2 billion in total $USD resources. In addition, we had $428 million of crypto assets.” [14]

When the letter was launched in late August 2022, interest on USDC holdings for 12 months depended on 4.7%, while one-month yields were an even 4%. By November 16, 2022, USDC yields were down to 0% throughout perpetuity frames.[15]

“1) Binance converts USDC –> BUSD, and we see the change in supplies. Thus begins the Second Great Stablecoin War.”

– @SBF, October 23, 2022 [16]

On September 4, 2022, Binance revealed that it would be auto-converting all USDC, USDP and TUSD, 3 significant dollar stablecoins, into its self-issued BUSD, efficient in simply 25 days. [17] This resulted in continued issues about Binance’s solvency with the preceding couple of months, particularly July 2022, seeing the biggest recognized outflows of bitcoin in the exchange’s history, eclipsing even March 2020’s black swan bottom.

On October 11, 216 days after Biden’s executive order with the previously mentioned 210-day provision, BNY Mellon, the world’s biggest custodian bank with over $43 trillion on the books, and coincidentally, the custodian of Circle’s reserves backing USDC, revealed the launch of its digital possession custody program. [18] Involved with more than 20% of the world’s investable possessions, the bank established by the very first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was also noted as a partner in the FedNow pilot. [19]

Despite these institutional advancements, an ongoing bearishness taxed the now-plummeting bitcoin cost. Paradoxically, increasingly more Bitcoin hash rate put onto the network. These concurrent motions saw Bitcoin’s hash cost drop to an all-time low, stimulating a huge liquidation of bitcoin liabilities off mining operators books. On October 26, Core Scientific, then the biggest Bitcoin mining operation on the planet, applied for insolvency with countless dollars in financial obligation liabilities, countless ASICs, and yet in their filings, held just 24 bitcoin overall when the circus concerned town. [20] Where precisely did all this bitcoin go? On that exact same day, hardly 2 weeks prior to the FTX collapse, Binance saw its biggest single day outflow, with 71,579 coins, amounting to over $1.1 billion in dollar terms. [21] This pressed net outflows to almost 95,000 coins from the world’s biggest exchange given that simply that July. Again, where precisely did all this bitcoin go? The really next day, October 27, 2022, SBF appeared on The Big Whale and revealed future prepare for FTX to release its really own stablecoin. [22]

More Sand Than Dollars

“CIA and Mossad and pedo elite are running some kind of sex trafficking entrapment blackmail ring out of Puerto Rico and caribbean islands. They are going to frame me with a laptop planted by my ex gf who was a spy. They will torture me to death.”

– Nikolai Muchgian, October 28, 2022 [23]

On October 24, 2022, the MakerDAO authorized a neighborhood proposition to custody almost $1.6 billion USDC with Coinbase Prime. [24] Four days later on, Nikolai Muchigan, the co-founder of MakerDAO and innovator of Rai, a DAI-fork stablecoin, tweeted that his life remained in threat due to a Caribbean island blackmail ring, allegedly backed by Israeli and U.S. secret agent. Three days later on, on Halloween, the 29-year-old coder Muchigan was discovered dead, having actually drowned in the sea off Condado Beach in Puerto Rico. [25]

Two days later on, on November 2, 2022, CoinDesk press reporter Ian Allison launched findings that over a 3rd of all possessions – around $5.8 billion of $14.6 billion – on the balance sheet of SBF’s Alameda Research was inherently, and quickly to be fatally, connected to FTX’s exchange token FTT. A “bank” run begun, and after 3 days of almost $6 billion in withdrawals, FTX was entrusted to actually one single bitcoin. Where precisely did all this bitcoin go? The next day in an interview with Fortune, Coinbase creator and CEO Brian Armstrong made note that USDC will end up being the de facto reserve bank digital currency in the U.S. [26]

“The policymakers in the U.S. will set the framework that need to be followed so that the private market will actually create the solutions, and USD coin has been on a really rapid rise… the regulatory environment is one of the biggest unlocks we’re going to have in terms of growing this industry and perhaps even getting the prices to go back up in the right direction”

– Brian Armstrong, November 3, 2022

On November 6, CZ revealed Binance would liquidate a staying part of FTT it had actually obtained from leaving FTX’s equity, having actually gotten around $2.1 billion in BUSD and FTT. Minutes after his statement, Caroline Ellison, SBF’s partner and the CEO of Alameda Research, provided to buy the tokens at $22 each, in a non-prescription style. [27] By November 8, CZ and SBF had a telephone call and apparently concerned a tentative offer for acquisition, booking the right to revoke the offer at any time, while remarkably also leaving both U.S.-based exclusive exchanges, Binance.us and FTX.us, outside the scope of the offer.

“Things have come full circle, and FTX.com’s first, and last, investors are the same: we have come to an agreement on a strategic transaction with Binance for FTX.com (pending DD etc)”, SBF tweeted. [28]

Later that night, FTX formally suspended all possession withdrawals. As part of the conditions of the acquisition, SBF was required to open the FTX books and reveal the bottom of his pockets; seeing more sand than dollars, CZ revoked the offer. A couple of essential declarations were made in the two days approximately that led up to this abrupt calamity, consisting of from the awfully-quiet U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission itself.

“Liquidating our FTT is just post-exit risk management, learning from LUNA. We gave support before, but we won’t pretend to make love after divorce. We are not against anyone. But we won’t support people who lobby against other industry players behind their backs. Onwards.”

– CZ, November 6, 2022 [29]

On November 7, 2022, the SEC formally considered LBRY, or Library Coin, an unregistered security offering, setting a destructive precedent throughout the extended cryptocurrency market. [30] In the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, the memorandum and order read, “The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) contends that LBRY, Inc. offered and sold unregistered securities in violation of Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933”, the act informally called The Howey Test.

Due to LBRY booking a pre-mine of almost 400 million LBC tokens, and the understanding that the business to date had actually invested around half of its pre-mined LBC, the SEC identified typical business total with an absence of disclosure and correct filing of its now supposed security offering through needed channels in the Gary Gensler-chaired SEC. The ramifications of this filing sent out shockwaves throughout the pre-mined token market, consisting of exchanges noting these tokens in addition to the entities behind their issuance. Conveniently, the next day was November 8, the United States’ midterm elections, with the balance of the senate and your house — and maybe the regulative course of the digital possession market — as soon as again at stake.

Searching for FTX on FEC.gov raises 456 private project contributions from SBF, CEO Ryan Salame, and others. [31] Salame’s contributions amount to over $14 million towards GOP prospects, while SBF’s “effective altruism” contributed over $20 million in contributions to DNC political leaders. Having been the 2nd leading donor to the Biden project, by the time the last tallies from election night rolled in, SBF’s bankroll had actually lastly overtaken his morals, and he discovered himself almost entirely insolvent.

By November 9, the day after the elections, SBF had actually apparently lost 94% of his net worth, down to $1 billion from more than $15 billion, leaving him with the biggest single-day loss by an individual according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. [32] Early in the early morning of November 10, SBF required to Twitter to describe what took place, composing “I’m sorry. That’s the biggest thing. I fucked up, and should have done better”, prior to making a particular note that “THIS IS ALL ABOUT FTX INTERNATIONAL, THE NON-US EXCHANGE. FTX US USERS ARE FINE!” [33]

Chapter 11

“The administration […] has consistently maintained that without proper oversight, cryptocurrencies risk harming everyday Americans…The most recent news further underscores these concerns and highlights why prudent regulation of cryptocurrencies is indeed needed.”

– White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre, November 10, 2022 [34]

On the l lth day of the l lth month, FTX and Alameda Research formally applied for Chapter 11 insolvency security, and SBF stepped down as CEO. In addition, 130 associated business linked or connected with FTX also began voluntary procedures under Chapter 11. [35] The tide had actually headed out, and almost everybody included got captured swimming naked, as a near-endless tidal bore of dollar-denominated liquidations made fast work of SBF’s Caribbean empire.

While the very first trickles of a dollar CBDC might have begun in the Bahamas, the monsoon of coming policy and contagion of the Second Great Stablecoin War is far from over. The dollar, having actually fallen 10% off 35-year DXY highs given that September, searches for brand-new methods to innovate and more dollarize markets around the world.

On November 15, simply 4 days after the SBF tsunami crashed to coast, BNY Mellon, in addition to a lots approximately other banking organizations, revealed the start of a twelve-week digital dollar pilot program with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. [36] On the really exact same day, BlockFi revealed prepare for insolvency filings, just 5 months after taking a $250 million loan from FTX, and Circle revealed users would now have the ability to settle payments by accepting Apple Pay. [37,38] With a substantial 43% discount rate now revealing on the highly-regulated Grayscale Bitcoin Trust, more neighborhood ask for evidence of reserves are growing around Genesis and Grayscale, both owned by the Digital Currency Group, and even their custodian, Coinbase Custody. [39,40] As of this writing, these demands have actually up until now been rejected for security factors.

While seeming riding the wave of the thriving digital possession transformation, collecting star recommendations and political allies alike, it ends up SBF was drowning in financial obligation and capital misallocation among the loud, traditional appreciation. Later that month, on November 30, SBF was set to appear personally at a New York Times occasion, sponsored by Accenture, together with Secretary Yellen, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, TikTok CEO Shou Chew, previous Vice President Michael Pence, Amazon CEO Andy Jassy, Netflix co-founder and CEO Reed Hastings, New York City Mayor Eric Adams, and others; tickets for the occasion were noted at $2,499 per guest.[41] The interview in between SBF and Andrew Ross Sorkin was streamed as promoted, albeit with both celebrations shooting from another location.

Bitcoin tends to be a ballast of reality, bringing all sorts of ballooning scams hurrying to the surface area. FTX and Alameda Research will take their location among the apparently too-big-to-sink gamers that wound up doing simply that. They will definitely not be the last. However the following weeks, months, and years play out, it is clear that SBF was however a little fish in an ocean-sized, dollarized pond. And as he rapidly learnt, there is constantly a larger fish.

“At some point I might have more to say about a particular sparring partner, so to speak. But you know, glass houses. So for now, all I’ll say is: well played; you won.” [42]

– Sam Bankman-Fried, November 10, 2022

This short article is included in Bitcoin Magazine’s “The Broke Issue”. Click here to subscribe now.

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ENDNOTES:

[1]https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/06/24/in-the-1930s-the-bahamas-became-a-tax-problem-for-treasury/

[2]https://fortune.com/2022/08/09/stablecoins-circle-tether-support-ethereum-merge-proof-of-stake

[3]https://ethereumprice.org/eth-2-deposits/

[4]https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/entertainment-celebrity/inside-bahamas-crypto-festival-where-ftx-ceo-bankman-fried-welcomed-bill-clinton-and-katy-perry/

[5]https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/luna-foundation-now-holds-more-bitcoin-than-tesla

[6]https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/binance-remove-trading-pairs-ftx-114338983.html

[7]https://lfg.org/audit/LFG-Audit-2022-11-14.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1668725884650403&usg=AOvVaw22nNl-O_mnhcT8MxsEtEiX

[8]https://www.truthorfiction.com/does-citadel-own-robinhood/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1668980992263700&usg=AOvVaw31decanIMGsjR2r2ceb0sP

[9]https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2020-321

[10]https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/treasury-secretary-janet-yellen-to-call-regulator-meeting-on-gamestop-volatility-seeks-ethics-waiver.html

[11] https://www.axios.com/2022/05/13/what-does-sam-bankman-fried-want-with-robinhood

[12]https://twitter.com/CoinbaseExch/status/1542270332299579396?s=20&t=3qAy3oJqtmMnLdfwk-JTJA

[13]https://www.circle.com/blog/circle-expands-international-offerings-with-new-bermuda-operations-and-digital-assets-business-license

[14]https://s27.q4cdn.com/397450999/files/doc_financials/2022/q2/Q2-2022-Shareholder-Letter.pdf

[15]https://www.circle.com/en/usdc-yield#start

[16]https://twitter.com/SBF_FTX/status/1584077423280521216?s=20&t=UB_GcB9mjBRJtNS8sS4RJQ

[17]https://www.binance.com/en/support/announcement/binance-to-auto-convert-usdc-usdp-tusd-to-busd-binance-usd-e62f703604a94538a1f1bc803b2d579f

[18]https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/bny-mellon-launches-new-digital-asset-custody-platform-301645324.html

[19]https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/fednow/community/news/012521-announcing-pilot-program-participants.html

[20]https://www.forbes.com/sites/rosemariemiller/2022/10/27/core-scientific-unable-to-pay-bills-warns-of-bankruptcy/

[21]https://bitcoinke.io/2022/11/largest-bitcoin-outflow-on-binance/

[22]https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sbf-ftx-stablecoin-second-great-055956820.html

[23]https://twitter.com/delete_shitcoin/status/1585918718088970241

[24]https://www.coinbase.com/blog/coinbase-launches-usdc-institutional-rewards-program-with-makerdao

[25]https://www.trustnodes.com/2022/10/31/etherean-nikolai-muchgian-dead-by-drowning

[26]https://fortune.com/crypto/2022/11/03/coinbase-ceo-says-usdc-will-become-de-facto-cbdc/

[27]https://twitter.com/carolinecapital/status/1589287457975304193

[28]https://www.binance.com/en/news/flash/7268278

[29]https://twitter.com/cz_binance/status/1589374530413215744

[30]https://odysee.com/@lbry:3f/secvslbrysummaryjudgementruling:a

[31]https://www.fec.gov/data/receipts/individual-contributions/?contributor_employer=FTX

[32]https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/09/business/sam-bankman-fried-wealth-ftx-ctrp/index.html

[33]https://twitter.com/SBF_FTX/status/1590709166515310593

[34]https://cointelegraph.com/news/white-house-says-prudent-regulation-of-cryptocurrencies-is-needed-hinting-at-situation-with-ftx

[35]https://cryptopotato.com/ftx-and-alameda-file-for-bankruptcy-sbf-resigns-as-ceo/

[36]https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/digital-dollar-wall-street-banks-new-york-fed-ftx-crash-2022-11?miRedirects=1&op=1

[37]https://www.businessinsider.com/blockfi-ftx-bankruptcy-crypto-lender-emergency-loan-pausing-withdrawals-2022-11?op=1

[38]https://www.circle.com/blog/apple-pay-is-now-available-on-circle

[39]https://news.yahoo.com/grayscale-bitcoin-trust-hits-record-132435240.html

[40]https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-news-today-11-18-2022/card/coinbase-vouches-for-grayscale-investments-products-yA5vzaPEIvaOr7Ffj2GE

[41]https://www.nytco.com/press/the-new-york-times-to-host-annual-dealbook-summit-on-nov-30/

[42]https://twitter.com/SBF_FTX/status/1590709197502812160

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